Transatlantic Trade Between Africa And Africa - 2039 Words

During the mid-fifteenth century, the transatlantic slave trade occurred throughout the world and lasted well over four hundred years. Oversea trade between Africa and the Portuguese, along with other European kingdoms, formed, which began what is known as the transatlantic slave trade. Along with a variety of goods, copious amounts of slaves, roughly twenty-five million, were traded between the continents of Europe and Africa. Driving the trade were politics, economics, religion, business, and a desire for profit. Along with the majority of the African population being traded elsewhere in the world, the overwhelming amount of deaths and low fertility rate among the indigenous people neared the African culture to distinction. Among the documents provided, all can be grouped into two main groups: attitudes and impact. During the years 1450 to 1800, the Europeans showed a large amount of varied opinions towards the Transatlantic Trade slave and the impact of the trade towards the included civilizations. As noted before, there are two potential groups in which the twelve documents could be grouped, the first group being attitudes. A document characterized as this would include information on the Europeans’ attitudes towards the transatlantic slave trade. The documents that have been categorized in this group are documents one, three, five, and eleven. To begin, document one is an excerpt from Voyage to the Isle de France by J.H. Bernardin. In this document, BernardinShow MoreRelatedThe Transatlantic Slave Trade Between West Africa And North America Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pagesto American culture in agriculture, cuisine, food culture and language. As for Cultural integration, such actions occurred during the transatlantic slave trade between West Africans and Central Africans and the European Americans was a forced interaction that cannot be reversed. The transatlantic slave trade in 1889, established a permanent link between Africa and North America as Africans sold into slavery transplanted their cultures to the New World. Many assume that because Africans integratedRead MoreThe Demise Of African Prosperity1168 Words   |  5 PagesProsperity: Effects of the Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade, a catastrophic event in the 15th to 19th century, affected millions of Africans and Europeans alike. Slaves were ripped from their homes and sent to the foreign lands, becoming the fundamental source of labour for mining and agricultural industries in the New World. Historians Hugh Thomas, Walter Rodney and John Thornton have contradictory beliefs about the effects of the Transatlantic slave trade on Africa. Thomas argues thatRead MoreEquiano s First Hand Experience Of Being Kidnapped1518 Words   |  7 Pagesas a child in Africa, is a poignant accounting of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. This era and actions of the slavers, which we now view as â€Å"Crimes against Humanity,† lasted approximately 400 years from the 16th to 19th century (Smallwood). Many have called this forced exodus of 12-15 million African men, women, and children as a dark time where profits came at the cost of human suffering. As Equiano and many historians detailed, the a bduction of Africans occurred mostly in West Africa, the regionRead MoreEffects Of Colonial Policies And Practices Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesAmira Musah Professor Konadu AFN 122-1201 November 20th, 2016 The detrimental impact of colonial policies and practices on â€Å"colonial† and post-colonial Africa. In spite of their independence, African nations continue to face serious economic, social, and military challenges. I claim colonialism served as a significant force that had a detrimental impact on African society, economics, and politics. The Oxford dictionary defines colonialism as the â€Å"policy or practiceRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade Often Known As The Triangular1411 Words   |  6 Pages The Transatlantic Slave Trade often known as the triangular trade was described as the largest long-distance movement of people in all of history. The movement of Africa slaves to the Americas lastly for approximately four centuries and can be viewed as one of the first ideas of globalization . The ship would move from the Americas to Western Europe with raw materials, then to Africa with manufactured goods. Lastly, from Africa the Americas with African slaves. Thus the movement of overRead MoreTransatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects on the American Econ omy1627 Words   |  7 PagesTransatlantic Slave Trade and the effects on the american economy Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade is a â€Å"wrenching aspect of the history of Africa and America† (Colin Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the â€Å"New World†. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. Slavery has had a big impact on African culture. The Africans were forced to migrate away from everything they knew, culture, heritage and lifestyles (Captive Passage). CoupledRead MoreSlavery During The Twentieth Century993 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen easily defined, by demonstrating the tension between remembering and forgetting history. The twentieth century narratives trace the history of the Atlantic slave trade through contemporary Africa, reflecting the role of slavery in present day. The works unearth remnants of the past in order to locate African memories in literature and bring them forth from the margins of history. Each author originates from different geographical locations in Africa, which allows various forms of slavery to emergeRead MoreImpact Of The Transatlantic Slave Trade885 Words   |  4 PagesThe transatlantic slave trade played a pivotal role in European nations and greatly impacted the economy financially. The transatlantic slave trade also known as the triangular trade was the network of three continents where men, women and children of African background were enslaved and deported from their homes. The trade itself had three steps. Ships with goods left Western Europe to leave to Africa where they exchanged them for slaves. Goods would include of weapons, gunpowder, textile pearlsRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Transatlantic Slave Trade took place through the fifth teen century to the nineteen century in the Atlantic Ocean between American, Europe and Africa. The Trade blossomed dur due to the expansion of sugar production increasing the labor supplied need , which caused a the higher demand for slaves. The expansion of s ugar created organized business of seizing and selling slaves. But the transatlantic slave trade did not begin the capturing of Africans, European were capturing slave long beforeRead MoreThe Social, Cultural, and Economic Impact of Transatlantic Slave Trade714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Social, Cultural, and Economic Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Economic Incentives for Slavery Genery and Hogendorn (1974) proposed that the unlimited supply of land in the Americas demanded an unlimited supply of labor to maximize profits. Indentured servants from Europe were too few in number to exploit the amount of land available for development. Native Americans had been decimated by disease, massacre, and displacement and the few remaining were often hostile to the idea living

Drunk Driving And Drunk Drivers - 2145 Words

In 2013, 10,076 people were killed in drunk driving incidents. Out of those people, 65% (6,515) were drivers, 27% (2,724) were passengers, and 8% (837) were non-passengers (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). Over half of those fatalities (67.1%) involved blood alcohol levels over .15% (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). The legal blood-alcohol content is .08%. Drunk driving caused 31% of deaths in car crashes in 2013 (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). In 2012, 402 people were killed by alcohol impairment in North Carolina (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). These numbers, though they seem astonishing, have been cut in half since 1991 (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). Even though the number of fatalities has been lowered, that number is not low enough. Most drunk drivers are repeat offenders. Lives are being taken because of the careless attitude of the drunk drivers. Drunk driving is selfish; those who commit this crime do not think about the extreme consequences of their actions. In North America it is estimated that 1-5 drivers has been drinking and 1 in 10 is legally impaired on any Friday or Saturday night (Root). Many groups, including MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving), are fighting to stop drunk driving. Unfortunately, drunk driving cannot be stopped. People will always commit this heinous crime. The numbers may go down, but unfortunately there will always be a number. The only way to continually decrease the amount of lives lost is to increase punishments for drunk driving. Current drunkShow MoreRelatedDrunk Drivers And Drunk Driving946 Words   |  4 PagesWhile I have never personally been involved in a crash caused by drunk driving, as a firefighter I have approached the aftermath of many. The worst drunk driving accident I have witnessed was a car that had rolled three times. The guy flew out the front window, leaving deep cuts all over his head. Because he was intoxicated, he tried to get up and move around, obli vious to his injuries or pain. He didn’t even realize he had gotten into an accident. As I watched the scene unfold, it made me angryRead MoreThe Consequences of Drunk Driving800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Consequences of Drunk Driving â€Å"A friend who dies, it’s something of you who dies,† Gustave Flaubert. When someone dies from drunk driving this is something you may be feeling. The consequences of drunk driving are far too high to even think of driving while under the influence. Every year thousands die from drunk driving or are caught drunk driving, and face consequences such as fines and a loss of license. But, it’s easy to avoid or prevent drunk driving by ordering a taxi or setting a designatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Drunk Driving On The Road Of Driving1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdeadly acts? Drunk-driving? Oh no! These two words together are uncordial behaviors. 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If there is no harmRead MoreAlcohol Related Accidents Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageschance of being in an accident with a drunk driver. Drunk driving is a serious problem that the United States, as well as the world, is trying to deal with, because it does not only effect a select few, it effects everyone. Drunk driving amongst hig h school students is an enormous problem that the United States is trying to cope with. Many programs have come to surface over the past few years, that educate students on this situation. MADD, mothers against drunk driving, is a non profit organization thatRead MoreDrunk Drivers Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesDriving a vehicle is a huge responsibility, and can be dangerous for anyone who is careless on the road. That danger increases as drivers attempt to drive either intoxicated or drunk. Blood alcohol concentration, also known as BAC, is the amount of alcohol in the blood of one’s system, and is used as a measure of degree of intoxication in an individual (answers.com). In the United States it is illegal per se, to drive with a BAC of .08 for all drivers who are 21 and older (nhtsa.gov). As the bloodRead MoreDrunk Driver And Drunk Drivers923 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2013, 10,076 people died because of drunk drivers. One every 52 minutes. 290,000 were injured because of the accidents (MADD). In 2012, 3,328 people died because of car crashes due to the fact that drivers were on their phones. 421,000 were injured (Texting and Driving Statistics). Driving is not an easy task so you should always be attentive to what you’re doing. A big difference between both is being sober and being drunk. Someone that’s drunk isn’t fully aware of what’s going on. Someone whoRead MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreDrunk Driving Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol-impaired drivers (Wu, 2016). Many people drive while under the influence of alcohol because they do not see the risk of getting into an accident or potentially injuring someone. They only see the convenience of not leaving their car somewhere or purchasing a driving service. Driving while under the influence of alcohol has a negative impact on society. Drunk driving is detrimental to families, studies show that it takes human life, and has a legal punishment. When a drunk driver gets into anRead MoreDeath by Driving Drunk930 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the leading causes of death during driving is drunk driving. Drunk driving not only puts you in danger but everyone around you in danger. There are many ways that alcohol affects you that makes you drive very bad. To help stop this, The police have made many laws regarding drunk driving and have made many arrests regarding driving under the influence. There are also many stories out there that make us wonder about the dangers and risks of drunk driving. Theres also many laws and reforms being

Industry Report Sample on Niche Tourism

Question-Complete a major industry report on one of the forms of niche tourism products? TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF DARK TOURSIM STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED TARGET AUDIENCE AND THEIR MOTIVATION TYPES OF PRODUCT POTENTIAL IMPACTS FUTURE CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Dark Tourism is a special kind of tourism activity that is based on their motivation and interest of the tourists to visit places that are related with death. In tourism there are various destinations to visit. Dark Tourism is a niche product of tourism that is connected with the places where historical death has occurred (Tarlow, 2005). According to Sharpely and Stone (2009), the dark tourism is becoming one of the most popular attentions of the tourists. This report will emphasize in understanding the motivation of the tourists behind dark tourism. SIGNIFICANCE OF DARK TOURSIM Dark Tourism is also known as Thana tourism. Dark Tourism is a cultural representation of specific passing has been alluded to as a contemporary interceding foundation between the living and the dead (Walter, 2009), whilst Stone (2011a, p. 25) proposes, ''Dark tourism gives a chance to mull over death of the Self through looking upon the Significant Other Dead''. Stone (2011b) likewise contends that Dark tourism encounters, at any rate for some individuals for generally at a few destinations, is less about expending stories of death, in any case, rather, of considering life and living notwithstanding unavoidable mortality. Dark tourism is unequivocally identified with society and legacy tourism and history plays a vital part in it. Thus dark tourism would help the people to understand the culture of their nation more effectively. STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED The stakeholders involved in Dark Tourism are: Government- The government can develop their by learning from the history and avoid the occurrence of turmoil. Tourists- Tourists get the opportunity to learn the issues that the world has faced, can build up strong bonding with the place and also articulate their thoughts about the interests. Private Sector like Tour Operator, Guide- They brings in profit for the nation. For instance, Ground Zero is become the top attraction of the city which brings in 1.8million visitors every year. Local Community The local community benefits due to increase in the job opportunities which helps to develop the economy. The money collected from the tourism is reinvested for the development of the community which brings in profit and stabilizes and diversify the economy. TARGET AUDIENCE AND THEIR MOTIVATION There are two types of tourists who love to visit dark sites. Niche market with specific interests in investigating the clash were youngsters as single person explorers, youngsters as a piece of a college bunch with an instructive enthusiasm toward peace studies or solidarity groups, clash determination or some other socio-political methodology who share collective VFR(visiting friends and relatives) and political ideology. Another segment is the generic segment like leisure travelers who love to visit the dark sites for short break or partly VFR (Causevic and Lynch, n.d.). Despite the fact that a generally settled upon conceptualization of traveler inspiration build is still failing to offer, the pull-push model has turned into a standout amongst the most well known ideas of vacationer inspiration and has been utilized by numerous researches. According to pull strategy the traveling decisions are made due to the extrinsic factors or external destination motivators where as the internal factors influence the psychology of the visitors and push them to make traveling decisions. Dann (1981) says that push factors include need for novelty, escape and self-esteem from traveling and pull factors include the attractions of the destinations, friendliness experience etc. Crompton (2004) argues that push factors include escape, self- evaluation and exploration, prestige, relaxation, regression, facilitation, enhancement linked to tourists and pull factors include education, novelty etc. As indicated by Tarlow (2005) there are four essential feelings which connect on a Dark visitor's mental state: instability, appreciation, quietude and predominance. Going by a Dark fascination can raise numerous emotions and Dark tourism can be seen in different ways. Sentiments of sentimentalism can be stirred from going to a war zone, where the guest can envision battling for a particular reason. Locales of brutality make a guest feel empathy for the victimized people and better than the culprits by showing how savage people can be. Moutinho (2000) on the other hand indicates that there is another era of travelers rising. Rather than a vacationer the voyager has turned into a searcher. Inspirations incorporate finding oneself, ability to know distinctive societies and to get to know a zone's or nation's "mental air", fauna and verdure. The searcher has the need to investigate, including energizing and even dangerous activity, to encourage the need identified with information and interest. TYPES OF PRODUCT The other products of Dark Tourism are (Kendle, 2008): Disaster Tourism- An attack on visitors due to some natural disaster like tsunami, Hud Hud cyclone where they face lot of issues due to natural calamity. It is a subset of Grief Tourism. Grief Tourism- It is all about visiting the place where some tragic event has occurred. The place may include battle sites, concentration camps, seeing cemeteries etc. Example Drass and Kagil area in Indo Pak War or visiting Ground Zero after 9/11 attack in New York. Doomsday Tourism- This refers to visiting the places that are under threat due to global warming or some environmental issues. This can be visiting Arctic Glaciers. Poverty Tourism- It is all about visiting the poverty incapacitated towns or the slum areas. This gives an interest towards the human trait and makes the visitor understand about the other part of life. Visiting poor area of India or squatter camp in South Africa and Soweto. Suicide Tourism- This tourism has two forms; one is it includes different laws associated to euthanasia of various nations like in European countries like Switzerland, Netherland and Belgium, lively euthanasia is legal thus many ill people visit those place to die legally. Another form is people travel to the places to jump and commit suicide. POTENTIAL IMPACTS At first, dark tourism makes another experience for sightseers who look for unexpected exploit that are not quite the same as their commonplace lives. Other tourism, for example, volunteerism and ecotourism are the normal sorts of tourism. At times it makes a Dark get-away idea for individuals who are more liberal and who would need to investigate the world. It is likewise individual temperament to need to observer the anguish of others, which structures from the interest of the brain. Dark tourism is an intriguing tourism where going by the death camps, fight destinations and cemeteries can give the direct knowledge of hardship through our special eyes. Dark tourism is a multi-Darkensional encounter that can have a profound effect in life (Daams, 2007). Likewise, Dark tourism additionally serves to create salary for the group, which is influenced by the disaster to remake itself. Sightseers who visit these catastrophe areas are really serving to accumulate voyagers dollars, which can help local people. Without the visitor's dollars coming in, it is harder for local people to return to their lives before the catastrophe struck. Case in point in New Orleans, after the Hurricane Katrina, the city's tourism figures dropped to 35 percent of what they were in 2004. A surge in tourism is crucial for the city to effectively reconstruct (Daams, 2007). An alternate spot of fiasco would be the Ground Zero in New York. There are visits, which permit gatherings to stroll on the floor of the previous World Trade Center at the grown-up cost of $25 and kids' cost of $15. While the vast majority of the guests come to pay their appreciation, some might simply want to view the advancement on development (Reed, n.d). Some individuals may believe that Dark tourism really gives a contrary effect on the destitute prosperity instead of enhancing their lives. Benefits from the voyagers were utilized for something else as opposed to helping these destitute to enhance their expectation for everyday life. As expressed by Swart, (2008), 'Faultfinders slate dallying with the urban underbelly as exploitative, voyeuristic and an attack of protection. At the same time slum visits are likewise lauded for bringing issues to light of destitution and bringing tourism dollars to groups in need. FUTURE CHALLENGES Though people visit dark sites due to their interest and curiosity, there exist few challenges which can have negative impact on the industry in future. Operational challenge: Tour operators of Dark Tourism may be to scaffold the existential crevice between the without a moment's hesitation of the traveler and the occasion of more than a large portion of a century former and to change over the dedication thing into a live memory. Mover over such visit administrators need to give not just the instructive perspectives by the encounter with death yet moreover mastermind the visit as carefully and delicately as would be prudent as some of dark sightseers need to recollect a specific dead individual, perhaps their relative or dead social order, which is regularly the case in cemetery tourism and combat zone visits. Miles proposes that reviewing or animating the recorded occasions and the related instruction is not the discriminating achievement considers certain level of compassion encased in the middle of exploited people and guests for administrators to be productive. The dark tourism aggressive environment is molded by domains, for exa mple, digital tourism, recorded tourism, medieval and reality while these get to be progressively obscured and hard to recognize with the area of Dark tourism(Papathanassis, 2011). Ethical Challenge: Tour operators are responsible for educating and entertaining the visitors about the darks sites but sometimes they charge money for this. Thus charging money for describing macabre and horrible stories is wrong. Sometimes the random stories are made instead of giving the proper facts this gives the visitors wrong information about the site (Garcia, 2012). RECOMMENDATION The recommendations are as follows: Government should focus on returning the benefits to the local by supporting educational programs and welfare programs Should endeavor to find effective balance among the private sectors and local community and also involve the local people in planning process to avoid conflicts. The local community people must take part in destination planning during the period of tourism consultation. The tour operators must strictly monitor and regulate the laws and ethics to avoid money business and also should respect and preserve the intrinsic quality and authenticity of the sites. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the report identified that the dark tourism industry, though it is a niche product of tourism, still, it has some positive impacts on the country like business opportunities, educational value, development of the local community and further improving the economy of the country. The report also identified that there are five different dark tourism products. Since the main focus of the report was to understand the motivation behind the dark tourism site visits, it is found from the past literatures that there exists push and pull factors that influence the traveling decision. REFERENCES Causevic, S. and Lynch, P. (n.d.). The significance of dark tourism in the process of tourism development after a long- term politica. Crompton, J. (2004). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Teoksessa Williams, Stephen (toim.), Tourism. Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, 2, pp.84--101. Daams, E. (2007). Dark Tourism: Bearing Witness or Crass Spectacle?. Dann, G. (1981). Tourist Motivation: An appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), pp.187-219. Garcia, B. (2012). Management issues in dark tourism attractions: The case of ghost tours in Edinburgh and Toledo. Journal of Unconventional Parks, Tourism Recreation Research (JUPTRR), 4(1). Kendle, A. (2008). Dark Tourism: A Fine Line Between Curiousity and Exploitation - Vagabondish. Moutinho, L. (2000). Strategic management in tourism. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. Papathanassis, A. (2011). The long tail of tourism. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, pp.11-13. Reed, C. (n.d.). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism - GoNOMAD Travel. Sharpley, R. Stone, P.R. (eds) (2009)The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. Aspects of Tourism Series, Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK. Stone, P. R. (2011a). Dark tourism experiences: Mediating between life and death. In R. Sharpley P. R. Stone (Eds.), Tourist experience: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 2127). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Stone, P.R. (2011) Dark Tourism and the Cadaveric Carnival: Mediating Life and Death Narratives at Gunter von Hagens' Body Worlds.Current Issues in Tourism, Vol 14, Issue 7, pp.685-701. Swart, G. (2008). For richer, for poorer. [online] Brisbanetimes.com.au. Tarlow, P. 2005. Dark Tourism. Novelli, M. (edited) Niche tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Buterworth-Heinemann Walter, T. (2009). Dark tourism: Mediating between the dead and the living. In R. Sharpley P. R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism (pp. 3955). Aspect of Tourism Series, Bristol: Channel ViewPublications

Assignment free essay sample

The Richman Investments employee is responsible to ensure the affiliated member does not violate any Richman Investments policies, does not perform illegal activities, and does not use the access for outside business interests. The Richman Investments employee bears responsibility for the consequences should the access be misused. 3. Below are the following policies for details of protecting information when accessing the corporate network when referencing the remote access methods, and acceptable use of Richman Investments network: a. Wireless Communications Policy b. Acceptable Use Policy c. Acceptable Encryption Policy d. Virtual Private Network (VPN) Policy 4. Additional information regarding Richman Investment’s remote access connection options, To include how to order or disconnect service, cost comparisons, troubleshooting, etc. , you will have to logon to Remote Access Services website. Framework Requirements 1. Secure remote access standard will be strictly controlled. Control will be enforced by a one-time password authentication and minimum 7 character length, special character and 1 numerical character with 1 month expiration. S. oreign trade deficits and pessimism about the future value of the dollar. c) In addition to using forward contracts, Volkswagen could use currency swaps, and lead and lag payables and receivables. Answer4: The simplest solution would be to just wait until December, take the ? 400,000 and convert it at the spot rate at that time, which you assume will be $1=? 100. In this case you would have $4,000 in mid-December. If the current 180-day forward rate is lower than 100? /$, then a forward contract might be preferable since it both locks in the rate at a better level and reduces risk. If the rate is above ? 00/$, then whether you choose to lock in the forward rate or wait and see what the spot does will depend upon your risk aversion. There is a third possibility also. You could borrow money from a bank that you will pay back with the ? 400,000 you will receive (400,000/1. 03 = ? 388,350 borrowed), convert this today to US$ (388,350/130 = $2,987), and then invest these dollars in a US account. For this to be preferable to the simplest solution, you would have to be able to make a lot of interest (4,000 2,987 = $1,013), which would turn out to be an annual rate of 51% ((1,013/4000) * 2). If, however, you could lock in these interest rates, then this method would also reduce any exchange rate risk. What you should do depends upon the interest rates available, the forward rates available, how large a risk you are willing to take, and how certain you feel that the spot rate in December will be ? 100 = $1. Answer5: Your financing and operating capital are in dollars, yet many of your costs (labor) must be in peso. Your hard assets are all in peso, and their value will decline. On the other hand, if the peso depreciates, then your dollars will go further. So perhaps doing nothing is the best approach. If you are pretty sure that the peso will depreciate, then you may want to avoid any major peso-denominated costs that you can until after devaluation. That may mean holding back on shipments if possible, and you may want any dollar-denominated purchases made before the devaluation. You may want to move any peso-denominated major accounts into dollars before the devaluation. Summary Answer1:The strong dollar in 2008 had negative impact on Caterpillar’s revenue but it had a favorable effect on Caterpillar’s costs. Caterpillar had dramatically expanded its network of foreign manufacturing operations to protect itself against the exchange rate risk of dollar. In 2008, 102 of 237 manufactories of Caterpillar are located outside of North America. Although the revenues from operating in local currency and from exporting fell when the dollar strengthened, the costs of operating also declined, which helped to reduce the impact on profit margin. In addition, the price Caterpillar paid for inputs from foreign producers also fell. Thus, Caterpillar’s globalization strategy has reduced the impact of fluctuations in the value of the dollar on its profits.